Voiceless Fricatives:
Aspiration Trick
FOR
STOPPING and PRE-VOCALIC VOICING
EXPLANATION
STOPPING
Children for whom the phonological
pattern (phonological process) Stopping of Fricatives is a problem are often easily
stimulable for the voiceless fricatives /f/, /s/ and 'sh'
in isolation. But, when
they attempt to combine them with vowels in CV and CVC
combinations many of them will insert a stop (usually /p/, /b/,
/t/ or /d/ between the fricative and the vowel. So they have
errors like "stoo" for "Sue", "sdoo" for "Sue", "shtip" for "ship",
"shdip"
for "ship", "fpin" for "fin" or "fbin" for "fin", and so on.
PRE-VOCALIC (CONTEXT SENSITIVE) VOICING
Children, with the phonological process pre-vocalic voicing
replace /f/, /s/ and 'sh' with their voiced cognates, so that
"fine" sounds like "vine", "sun" sounds like "zun" and sheep sounds like
"zheep".
The "aspiration trick"
can be a successful way of tackling these two difficulties. Here's
an example of what to do:
STOPPING
-
Use some of
the /h/ SIWI words (see hit, hat,
horse, etc
below) for listening and production activities in order to
prepare ("prime"!) the child for what is to come.
-
Then choose about 5 each of
the /f/, /s/ and 'sh' pictures and words. For example,
select:
f-heat-feet,
f-hold-fold, f-heel-feel, f-horse-force, f-hound-found;
s-hip-sip, s-heel-seal, s-hope-soap, s-hum-sum,
s-horse-sauce; and
sh-heap-sheep, sh-hoe-show, sh-head-shed, sh-high-shy, sh-hop-shop.
Practise saying
f..., s..., and sh.... in isolation, and practise saying the /h/ words:
heat, hold, heel, horse, hip, hope, hum, horse, heap, hoe,
head, high, hop-shop.
-
Have the child listen
while you say, "f-heat-feet,
f-hold-fold, f-heel-feel, f-horse-force, f-hound-found;
s-hip-sip, s-heel-seal, s-hope-soap, s-hum-sum,
s-horse-sauce;
sh-heap-sheep, sh-hoe-show, sh-head-shed, sh-high-shy, sh-hop-shop".
-
Have the child repeat after
you, "f...heat,
f...hold, f...heel, f...horse, f...hound; s...hip, s...heel,
s...hope, s...hum, s...horse; s...hip-sip, s-heel-seal,
s-hope-soap, s-hum-sum, s-horse-sauce;
sh-heap, sh-hoe, sh-head, sh-high, sh-hop-shop.
-
Gradually shape the words
from "f...heat"
to "feet, s...hope" to "soap", and "sh...heap" to "sheep"
etc., f...hold, f...heel, f...horse, f...hound; s...hip,
s...heel, s...hope, s...hum, s...horse; s...hip-sip,
s-heel-seal, s-hope-soap, s-hum-sum, s-horse-sauce.
-
Then practise saying some of
these:
f and s
s and sh
S...
f....
3 pages
/h/ SIWI
CLICK HERE FOR PICTURES AND WORDS FOR
hit, hat, horse, hot, heel, hound, hum, hill, heart, hawk, hair,
heap, hold, hush, hand, hen, hop, hip, hive, hook, harm, hut,
hymn, hug, high, hoe, hose, hoop, hold, hole, hear, hope, horn,
hide, hurt, house, half, hiss, heat, hump, hang, hog, hop,
height,
hippopotamus, holiday, Halloween,
Himalayas, hairdresser, hydrogen, handkerchief, harmonica,
horrible, headmaster, headmistress, headquarters, hexagon,
helicopter, hilarious, honeycomb, hollyhock, hospital,
housekeeper, horseradish, horticulture, hydrangea, housewarming,
Humpty Dumpty
1 page
The
/f/ Aspiration Trick
CLICK HERE
FOR WORDS AND PICTURES FOR
f-heat-feet,
f-hold-fold, f-heel-feel, f-horse-force, f-hound-found,
f-height-fight, f-hat-fat, f-hit-fit, f-hair-fair, f-hive-five,
f-harm-farm, f-hawk-fork, f-hang-fang, f-hog-fog, f-hill-fill,
f-home-foam, f-hole-foal, f-horn-fawn
1 page
The
/s/ Aspiration Trick
CLICK HERE
FOR WORDS AND PICTURES FOR
s-hip-sip,
s-heel-seal, s-hope-soap, s-hum-sum, s-horse-sauce, s-hole-sole,
s-hand-sand, s-hoe-sew, s-hoop-soup, s-high-sigh, s-heat-seat,
s-hit-sit, s-hat-sat, s-hound-sound, s-hold-sold, s-head-said,
s-horn-sawn, s-hide-side, s-hay-say
1 page
The "sh"
Aspiration Trick
CLICK HERE
FOR WORDS AND PICTURES FOR
sh-heap-sheep, sh-hoe-show, sh-head-shed, sh-high-shy, sh-hop-shop,
sh-hip-ship, sh-hut-shut, sh-hook-shook, sh-horn-shawn, sh-hurt-shirt,
sh-heat-sheet, sh-hair-share
Voiceless Stops:
Aspiration Trick
FOR
PRE-VOCALIC VOICING
PRE-VOCALIC
VOICING
-
Use some of
the /h/ SIWI words (see hit, hat,
horse, etc
below) for listening and production activities in order to
prepare ("prime"!) the child for what is to come.
-
Then choose about 5 each of
the /p/, /t/ and /k/ pictures and words. For example,
select:
p-hip-pip, p-heel-peel,
p-heap-peep, p-hair-pear, p-hug-pug;
t-hip-tip, t-hawk-talk,
t-heart-tart, t-hail-tail, t-height-tight;
and
k-hat-cat, k-hot-cot,
k-hook-cook, k-heart-cart, k-hold-cold.
Practise saying
/p/, /t/ and /k/ in
isolation, and practise saying the /h/ words: hip, heel,
hug, hip-tip, hawk, heart, hail-tail, height, hat, hot,
hook, heart, hold.
-
Have the child listen
while you say, "p-hip-pip, p-heel-peel,
p-heap-peep, p-hair-pear, p-hug-pug;
t-hip-tip, t-hawk-talk,
t-heart-tart, t-hail-tail, t-height-tight;
and
k-hat-cat, k-hot-cot,
k-hook-cook, k-heart-cart, k-hold-cold."
-
Have the child repeat after
you, "p-hip-pip, p-heel-peel,
p-heap-peep, p-hair-pear, p-hug-pug;
t-hip-tip, t-hawk-talk,
t-heart-tart, t-hail-tail, t-height-tight;
and
k-hat-cat, k-hot-cot,
k-hook-cook, k-heart-cart, k-hold-cold."
-
Gradually shape the words
from "p-hip"
to "pip", etc.
-
Then practise saying some of
these:
/p/ SIWI
/t/ SIWI
/k/ SIWI
3 pages
/h/ SIWI
CLICK HERE FOR PICTURES AND WORDS FOR
hit, hat, horse, hot, heel, hound, hum, hill, heart, hawk, hair,
heap, hold, hush, hand, hen, hop, hip, hive, hook, harm, hut,
hymn, hug, high, hoe, hose, hoop, hold, hole, hear, hope, horn,
hide, hurt, house, half, hiss, heat, hump, hang, hog, hop,
height,
hippopotamus, holiday, Halloween,
Himalayas, hairdresser, hydrogen, handkerchief, harmonica,
horrible, headmaster, headmistress, headquarters, hexagon,
helicopter, hilarious, honeycomb, hollyhock, hospital,
housekeeper, horseradish, horticulture, hydrangea, housewarming,
Humpty Dumpty
1 page
/p/
Aspiration Trick
CLICK HERE FOR PICTURES AND WORDS FOR
p-hip-pip, p-heel-peel,
p-heap-peep, p-hair-pear, p-hug-pug,
p-hole-pole, p-hat-pat, p-hop-pop, p-hen-pen, p-hot-pot,
p-high-pie, p-hawk-pork
1 page
/t/
Aspiration Trick
CLICK HERE FOR PICTURES AND WORDS FOR
t-hip-tip, t-hawk-talk,
t-heart-tart, t-hail-tail, t-height-tight,
t-hair-tear, t-hop-top, t-hoe-toe, t-hug-tug, t-hen-ten,
t-high-tie, t-heat-teat
1 page
/k/
Aspiration Trick
CLICK HERE FOR PICTURES AND WORDS FOR
k-hat-cat, k-hot-cot,
k-hook-cook, k-heart-cart, k-hold-cold,
k-hiss-kiss, k-hut-cut, k-hop-cop, k-height-kite,
k-hole-coal,
k-home-comb, k-horn-corn, k-hawk-cork, k-hair-care
Backward Chaining for /k/ SIWI
TRY IT!
EXPLANATION
Backward chaining is a technique
that has been around for a long time, and it can be used to
facilitate the production of two-syllable words in children who
only produce monosyllables. What you do is have the child
produce the second syllable first. For example:
To "get to"
taking, making, waking (and other "king verbs"):
-
Elicit
"king" and practise saying it a lot in games.
-
Practice
saying tay, may, way briefly in a game, perhaps using a
puppet.
-
The
practice saying KING-tay-
KING-may-
KING-way,
etc.
-
Switch
them round the other way: tay-KING, may-KING,
way-KING
-
Then "shift" the stress to get taking, making, waking, etc.,
with the emphasis on the first syllable.
Provide simultaneous
models at first if necessary and then "fade" the model, Integral
Stimulation style,
Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC) if
necessary.
1 page
CLICK HERE FOR KING WORDS VERSION 1
1 page
CLICK HERE FOR KING WORDS VERSION 2
You can do
the same with KEY-mong,
KEY-duck,
KEY-hang, etc.
1 page
CLICK HERE FOR KEY WORDS VERSION 1
1 page
CLICK HERE FOR KEY WORDS VERSION 2
Backward Chaining for /n/ SIWI
(new)
1 page
CLICK HERE FOR KNEE WORDS
honey knee bunny knee funny
knee money knee sunny knee
pony knee tiny knee beanie knee
Backward Chaining for /s/ SIWI
(new)
1 page
CLICK HERE FOR SEA WORDS
pussy sea messy sea bossy sea kissy sea Lucy
sea fussy sea
juicy sea Nessie sea
Backward Chaining for /f/ SIWI
(new)
1 page
CLICK HERE FOR FI (FEE) WORDS
coffee Fi toffee Fi Daffy Fi stuffy Fi huffy
Fi Miffy Fi puffy Fi trophy Fi
CH Magic!
CHECK THIS OUT
EXPLANATION
Without being too
precise (phoneticians of the world, don't jump on me!) the
affricate "ch" comprises the voiceless alveolar stop /t/
followed by the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative 'sh'. For
children who cannot produce "ch" facilitative contexts can be
used in which a word with a final /t/ precedes a word with an
initial 'sh', for example, "hat shop". There are pictures below
SLPs can use to work with this idea.
3
pages
"ch' SIWI and
SFWF
CLICK HERE FOR PICTURES AND WORDS FOR
chin, chick,
choose, chip, chain, chop, chore, choo-choo, cheer, cheese,
chair, chase, cheep, child, chewing gum, chalk, chimp, chews,
chest, chart, cheers, chilli, cherry, champion, cherub, chisel,
cello, children, chicken, chopsticks, China, chimney, chocolate,
aitch, cockroach, spinach, coach, hatch, watch, beach, fetch,
each, ouch, touch, crutch, pooch, pouch, hutch, witch, match,
couch, itch, speech, reach, touch, teach, peach, stitch,
scratch, rich, bench, wrench, branch, lunch, porch, torch,
munch, perch, church, search, arch, march
5 pages
"ch"
Pictures and Words
CLICK HERE FOR PICTURES AND WORDS FOR
One page of stimulus
pictures, e.g., got you, ah-choo, ouch, cho-choo; and four pages
of words and pictures of facilitative contexts for 'ch', e.g.,
hat shop - chop, neat ship -chip
7 pages
"ch"
Pictures and Words
CLICK HERE FOR PICTURES AND WORDS FOR
...drill using facilitative
contexts, e.g., wet sheep - cheep, cheep, cheep, cheep, cheep
2
pages
"ch"
Pictures and Words
CLICK HERE FOR PICTURES AND WORDS FOR
...drill - three picture sequences, e.g.,
neat shirt, neat shirt, neat shirt
1
page
"ch" Stimulus
Pictures
CLICK HERE FOR "ch" STIMULUS PICTURES
1
page
"ch"
Magic Words!
CLICK HERE FOR WORD LISTS FOR
...some of the the
"ch" facilitative context word combinations without the pictures
(new)
3 pages
Aspiration Trick
FOR "ch"
CLICK HERE FOR WORDS AND PICTURES FOR
ch-heap cheep, ch-high chai, ch-hook chook,
ch-hip chip,
ch hawk chalk, ch-hop chop, ch-heart chart, ch-hair chair
Chaining
KEY...KING...
EXPLANATION
It is quite common among speech
disordered populations to find children who can produce stops
word finally (SFWF) and syllable finally within words (SFWW) but
not word initially (SIWI) and at the beginnings of syllables
within words (SIWW). This is particularly the case for /k/ and
/g/. A variation of backward chaining can be used to address
this difficulty. You use final velars that the child can produce
to facilitate initial velars. For example, using the KEY WORDS
you can elicit 'key' by rehearsing:
MONG-key
DONG-key
BLING-key
etc.
Then, gradually reduce the
stress on the first syllable and "shift" it to the second
syllable, making it more and more prominent.
mong-KEY
dong-KEY
bling-KEY
etc.
1 page
CLICK HERE FOR KEY WORDS VERSION 1
1 page
CLICK HERE FOR KEY WORDS VERSION 2
Moving at the child's
pace, work towards just mouthing or cueing the first syllable
(silently) so that the child is saying "key", on his/her own
with a strong onset /k/.
You
can do follow the same process with KING WORDS.
1 page
CLICK HERE FOR KING WORDS VERSION 1
1 page
CLICK HERE FOR KING WORDS VERSION 2
Follow this up with
strings of:
key-Keith
key-keep
key-keys
key-keen
key-keel
key-quiche
and then introduce other
vowels.
3
pages
key
-- Keith
CLICK HERE FOR PICTURES AND WORDS FOR
key Keith, key keen, key
keel, key
quiche,
key keys, key keep
 |
The
one-L lama,
He's a priest.
The two-L llama,
He's a beast.
And I will bet a silk pajama,
There isn't any three-L lllama!
Ogden Nash
(1902-1971) |
la-la-llama
LOVELY LIQUIDS WITH LLAMA THERAPY
EXPLANATION
Children who have difficulty
producing /l/ will often reach a point in therapy where they CAN
say "la", but are unable to combine the /l/ with other vowels or
diphthongs. The la-la-llama work sheets provide an opportunity
to practice /l/ in a context that is comparatively easy, before
moving on to /l/ SIWI in combination with other vowels. Try
this:
Revised
version November 2007
7
pages
la-la-llama,
la-la-large ...
CLICK HERE FOR PICTURES AND WORDS FOR
la-la...llama,
la-la...large,
la-la...laugh, la-la...latte,
la-la...laughing, la-la...lava, la-la...lama, la-la...lager,
la-la...Lana
Next, move on to other /l/ SIWI words. There are
pictures for this
here under the
heading "liquids".
Banana Splits
The New
Llama Song
/r/ trrrrreasure!
TRICK
EXPLANATION
In development, /r/ often emerges
first in /tr/ clusters. This can be used in therapy to elicit
/r/ SIWI. Practice and strengthen the accuracy of the client's
production of /r/ in /tr/ SIWI words such as triangle, track,
trash, tractor, etc.
2
pages
/tr/ SIWI
CLICK HERE FOR PICTURES AND WORDS FOR
triangle, track, trash, tractor, train, trick, trumpet,
treasure, tree, truck, trolley, trap, trio, tray, trim, trophy,
trip, tram, traffic, trailer, treat, trapeze, travel, tread,
triplets, tricycle, try
Then use
minimal pairs such as track-rack (see below) to
facilitate production of
/r/ SIWI.
1
page
/tr/ vs. /r/
CLICK HERE FOR PICTURES AND WORDS FOR
track rack, trash rash, train rain, trick Ric, trap wrap, tray
ray, trim rim, trip rip, try rye, tram ram, true roo, tread red
Next, move on to other /r/ SIWI words. There
are pictures for this
here under the
heading "liquids".
Marked Properties
IMPLICATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
EXPLANATION
Relationships
don't always work out, and implicational relationships are no
exception. It is worthwhile, however, to experiment with target
selection based on the marked properties of phonemes.
Markedness is
a concept from the study of the sound systems of all natural
languages. A marked feature in a language implies the
necessary presence of another feature – hence “implicational
relationship”. For example, there are languages, like
English, that have stops and fricatives. There are languages
that have stops, but no fricatives. But no language has
fricatives and no stops. This means that fricatives are a
marked class of sounds because the presence of fricatives
necessarily implies the presence of stops in a particular
language (an implicational relationship between fricatives
and stops).
FRICATIVES
are marked because they imply
STOPS
VOICELESS SOUNDS
are marked because they imply
VOICED SOUNDS
AFFRICATES
are marked because they imply
FRICATIVES
6
pages
/fl/, /sl/ 'shr' and 'thr'
CLICK HERE FOR PICTURES AND WORDS FOR
Single Words
flower fleece fleet flood float flip flag flash flat flute
floor flour
flea flake flock fly flame flight flare phlox slaw sloop
slam slow
slip slime slate sleep slide sleeve slug slum slope sling
slouch
slob slice slurp sledge sleet sleigh slap slack sleek shriek
shred
Shrek shrug shrimp shrink shrine shrike thrust thresh thrip
throng
threat thrill thrive thrift throw throne through throb three
thread
thrush throat
Near
Minimal Pairs
lame flame, lie fly, lock flock, lip flip; fat flat, feet
fleet,
four floor, fake flake; lamb slam, lime slime, late slate,
low slow, lip slip, leap sleep; sip slip, sore slaw, sew
slow,
side slide
8
pages
/fl/, /sl/ 'shr' and 'thr'
CLICK HERE FOR PICTURES AND WORDS FOR
Minimal Pairs /fl/ vs. /sl/
fleet sleet, flip slip, flash slash, flag slag, flat
slat, flaw slaw,
fly sly, flow slow, fling sling, flap slap
Near Minimal Pairs 'shr', 'thr' and /sl/
shred thread, shrill thrill, shrew through, shrug slug,
shriek sleek
Triplets /s/ vs. /l/,/sl/; /f/ vs. /l/ vs. /fl/
sip lip slip, Sam lamb slam, sew low slow, soup loop
sloop,
saw law slaw, fame lame flame, fake lake flake, fight light
flight,
shed red shred
Near Minimal Pairs /f/ vs. /fl/, /l/ vs. /fl/
feet fleet, fake flake, fat flat, foe flow, lip flip,
lie fly, lame flame,
lake flake, lock flock, light flight
Near Minimal Pairs /s/ vs. /sl/; /l/ vs. /sl/
sip slip, seat sleet, sing sling, sew slow, Sam slam,
sum slum,
side slide, sob slob, saw slaw, soap slope, lap slap, loop
sloop,
late slate, leave sleeve, leap sleep, lip slip, low slow,
lamb slam,
lime slime, ledge sledge
Near
Minimal Pairs fricative + /r/
rug shrug, shine shrine, red shred, shed shred, rush
thrush,
rob throb, red thread, rust thrust, row throw, rip thrip
Trochaic Sequences
CAMELRIDER,
WATERMELON
EXPLANATION
When working
on extending the number of syllables a child can say, or in
working
on sequencing the syllables in polysyllabic words and word
combinations, it can
be helpful to start with trochaic sequences. This is because
there is a natural
tendency for children to find them easier to say. A trochaic
foot, or trochee,
has a strong syllable followed by a weak syllable. In the
following set of pictures
and words each image is associated with a a sequence of two
trochees
(STRONG weak STRONG weak) like CAmelRIder
(camel rider) and WAterMElon
(watermelon).
As the child
grows in confidence and can say a good selection of trochaic
words, gradually introduce new long words that are not
trochaic, e.g., alphabet, America and dinosaur.
5
pages
Trochaic
Sequences
#1
CLICK HERE FOR WORDS AND PICTURES FOR
helicopter, locomotive, caterpillar, watermelon, kookaburra,
motorcycle,
grand piano, alligator, mashed potato, Easter Bunny, creepy
crawly,
cheeky monkey, clever puppy, birthday present, picking
apples,
big banana, camel rider, ballerina, taxi driver, soccer
player, under water,
hula dancer, television, Humpty Dumpty, finger painting,
escalator
5
pages
Trochaic
Sequences #2
CLICK HERE FOR WORDS
AND PICTURES FOR
letterboxes, tiger lily, very windy, scary monster, service
station, stripy tiger,
hungry kitty, cosy jacket, clever lady, aviator, tractor
driver, unicycle,
shopping basket, stacking boxes, supermarket, calculator,
shopping trolley,
nice tomatoes, laundry basket, rubber duckie, pillowcases,
dictionary, competition, excavator, chocolate crackles,
agapanthus, Persian carpet,
Cookie Monster, grand piano, tiny pencil
5
pages
Trochaic
Sequences #3
CLICK HERE FOR WORDS AND PICTURES FOR
pencil sharpener, birthday candles, tape recorder, suit of
armour, asthma puffer,
graduation, Viking helmet, Hello Kitty, pressure cooker,
motor scooter,
airline pilot, ballroom dancing, table tennis, ten pin
bowling, table tennis,
exercising, scuba diving, entertainer, ballerina, hula
dancer, opera singer,
film director, portrait painter, carpet layer, fortune
teller, respirator,
coffee maker, vacuum cleaner, concertina
5
pages
Trochaic
Sequences #4
CLICK HERE FOR WORDS AND PICTURES FOR
ukulele, movie camera, tennis player, toilet paper, salad
sandwich,
bunch of roses, fortune cookie, apple blossom, window
cleaner, paper hanger,
teeter totter, vaccination, milk and cookies, bunch of
daisies, station wagon,
music teacher, salad dressing, taxi driver,
glass of water, education,
swimming lesson, synthesizer, stormy weather, consultation,
swimming teacher,
exclamation, animation, plastic bottle, four-leaf clover,
end of freeway
Target Selection
WHAT TO TREAT FIRST &
WHY
EXPLANATION
When theoretically sound, and, if possible evidence-based
criteria are applied to therapy target selection, outcomes can
be enhanced. Go
here for information from the recent literature and
here for "older", but not necessarily superseded,
target selection guidelines arising from 1970's-1990's research.
