Worksheets: Consonants, Clusters and Vowels

This resource page contains many examples of picture-and-word work sheets intended for use in speech-language pathology intervention.

The sheets were made in Microsoft Word, using copyright-free pictures and stock photos, mainly from Microsoft Clip Art and Media, and converted into portable document files (pdfs) using Adobe Acrobat.

The vocabulary represents (non-rhotic) Australian English pronunciation, and although most of the words and minimal pairs will 'work' in other dialects of English you may need to discard some. For example, pairs like saw-shore, and spa-star are minimal pairs in Australian English and in other non-rhotic varieties of English, but not in rhotic dialects such as Canadian, Irish, Scottish and most US 'Englishes'.

SLPs/SLTs and students are invited to use these worksheets and other resources when working with children with speech sound disorders. You are free to save them to your computer and to customize them to suit individual clients and to fit your service delivery model. The restrictions that apply to their use are stated in the site's copyright notice.

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On this page you will find singleton consonant worksheets for all the obstruents and sonorants, cluster and vowel worksheets, and worksheets that emphasise facilitative contexts.


Obstruents: Stops, Fricatives and Affricates


Obstruents, shown on the Place-Voice-Manner Chart below, are consonants made by obstructing the airstream (cf. Sonorant). The obstruents are the stops, fricatives and affricates.


Stops


/p/

/p/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
P pie pan pin pot peg pup pipe pop pip peep Pope pen purse peach paint park page pig pool pearl pine peas path porch pug palm pint

/p/ Syllable Final Word Final
tape cup tap shop ship cap dip hoop sheep strap heap zip lip clip top soup zap hope hop sip clap type beep! beep! flip wrap whip skip stop

Aspiration Trick for /p/

/p/ Aspiration Trick
This is for children with pre-vocalic or context sensitive voicing of voiceless stops (e.g., pole pronounced as bole). Practise ‘p…hole’, ‘phhhole’, etc., gradually reducing the aspiration and eventually turning ‘p…hole’ into ‘pole’.

/b/

/b/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
bow boy bee buy bow boo bus bed bin bug book big bud bad back bun buck bell beg bag bowl bean bite bird bike ball beach bone

/b/ Syllable Final Word Final
cub robe cab bib knob web Bob tub rob lab rib rub lobe job nib pub grub crab shrub blob club crib

Chaining for /b/ SIWI
bob-bing-bing

/t/

/t/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
two tie tap top tape tub tin tool tick tail tug tag turf torch team ten top tea tissue target toaster tomato teapot table tulip teacher Tasmania teddy taxi turtle

/t/ Syllable Final Word Final
foot fort fit fight feet fat hat heart nut beet rat suit fete mat sheet eight seat shirt hut plate vet bat plait pot skate kite goat cot cat coat court gate

Aspiration Trick for /t/

/t/ Aspiration Trick
This is for children with pre-vocalic or context sensitive voicing of voiceless stops (e.g., time pronounced as dime). Practise ‘t…hail’, ‘thhhail’, etc., gradually reducing the aspiration and eventually turning ‘t…hail’ into ‘tail’.

/d/

/d/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
door day dip doll dawn dish down D dome dove dive deaf dam dice date dot deck dark dock duck dog Doug dig desk dart disk dance dust deer dough dinner daisy dye dull dame deep

/d/ Syllable Final Word Final
bud bed maid bird road bead mad seed lead slide cloud red lead hard sad feed loud blood

/k/

/k/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
key car core cow K cap cup can cone cub comb cab cough coin cart quoit couch coach cage kiss card coal curl case catch keg cog cook cake cork Coke cat kite coat cot coffee camera cue collar cauliflower colours calendar calculator cockatoo conductor crocodile kangaroo computer carrot kookaburra carpenter caterpillar cottages collector caravan camel ketchup curtain cushion cockroach cougar compost karaoke

/k/ Syllable Final Word Final
bike book beak buck park back-pack wok walk week work wake wick hook hike neck knock ache oak look lick like leak leek lock shark shake rock rake sock sack cork cook Coke kick brick break black block stake stork wreck trick

Aspiration Trick for /k/

/k/ Aspiration Trick
This is for children with pre-vocalic or context sensitive voicing of voiceless stops (e.g., car pronounced as gar). Practise ‘k…hat’, ‘khhhat’, etc., gradually reducing the aspiration and eventually turning ‘k…hat’ into ‘cat’.

Chaining for /k/

/k/ Chaining - king-words
Chaining begins with words or syllable contexts the child can produce. This one is for children who can produce /k/ word finally but not word initially. Start with ‘make, ‘work’, etc. Build up to the child saying ‘making’, ‘working’ etc. Exaggerate the second syllable: ‘making’, ‘working’ etc. and then move to ‘making-king’, ‘working-king’ etc., and ultimately many repetitions of the word ‘king’ before moving on to /k/ SIWI in CVs and CVCs.

/k/ Chaining - key-Keith
key-Keith key-keen key-keel key-quiche key-keys key-keep

/k/ Chaining - key-words
monkey-key, etc.

/g/

/g/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
go guy game gum Gus guess gas goose gull girl gown give goat get gate gift guard gourd guest gust good gold grass globe green gorilla goanna golf galah guitar glove guide good-bye

/g/ Syllable Final Word Final
big hug bug pig egg mug bag beg tug jig wig fig rug log leg rag stag rig wag frog shag jog dog drag hog dig cog keg tag Doug


Fricatives


/f/

/f/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
Fiona feel feast feet feed Felix fever female fiesta Fiat field feely bag fat food four five fig fan farm fish fork fox phone fern face foot fairy fight feed funny

/f/ Syllable Final Word Final
knife cough leaf half loaf roof wife calf scarf chef safe surf chief wife wharf cliff giraffe Jeff Steph off cuff childproof carafe turf f golf wolf shelf elf photograph autograph

/f/ Six-Pix Series - 6 pictures on 1 page

/f/ SIWI Six-Pix a
fan feet fish phone five food

/f/ SIWI Six-Pix b
food face fête foot foal fox

/f/ SIWI Six-Pix c
folding fighting feeding filling fixing falling

/f/ SIWI Six-Pix d
fork fern farm fort form first

/f/ SIWI Six-Pix e
funny fast fierce fake full fantastic

/f/ SIWI Six-Pix f
fur four fair fire fear far

/f/ SIWI Six-Pix g
feeling sick feeling happy feeling hungry feeling cosy feeling sticky feeling strong

/f/ SIWI Six-Pix h
finding feeding folding fishing fighting finishing

Aspiration Trick for /f/

/f/ Aspiration Trick
This is for children who "stop" voiceless fricatives, and/or for children who replace voiceless fricatives with voiced ones. Practise ‘f…heat’, ‘fhhheat’, etc., gradually reducing the aspiration and eventually turning ‘f…heat’ into ‘feet’.

Chaining for /f/

/f/ Chaining - Fi-words
‘Fi’ is short for ‘Fiona’ and is pronounced ‘fee’. Chaining begins with words or syllable contexts the child can produce. This one is for children who can produce /f/ within a word (intervocalically) but not word initially. Start by familiarising the child with the words ‘coffee’, ‘toffee’, ‘Daffy’, ‘Miffy’ and ‘huffy’ (or similar words). Then practise saying them. Then say them with the second syllable slightly exaggerated (coffee). Move on to ‘coffee-Fi’, ‘toffee-Fi’, etc. Then move on to ‘coffee-Fi-Fi’, ‘toffee-Fi-Fi’, etc. Gradually ease into ‘Fi-feel, etc. Finally introduce more words with /fi/ SIWI followed by words starting with /f/ followed by other vowels.

/v/

/v/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
V vow van vet veil vine vest vase vat vole vice volcano violin Vegemite

/v/ Syllable Final Word Final
hive cave five dove sleeve sieve glove stove grave wave drive clove serve shave love move dive leave give carve wave drive weave live

Voiceless th

voiceless th Syllable Initial Word Initial
thick thong think Thursday theatre thermometer thank you thumb thunder third thimble thaw thatch thermostat Thumper thief thirsty therapist thorax thousand thorn thanks thoroughbred thirty

voiceless th Syllable Final Word Final
wreath earth death oath path teeth

voiceless th Syllable Final Within Word
birthday bathtub faithful pathogens mothballs untruthful

voiceless th Syllable Initial Within Word
healthy panther nothing marathon Dorothy author

/ð/

voiced TH Syllable Initial Within Word
weather mother breathing father feather brother

voiced TH Syllable Initial Word Initial
these those them they their though that this than the then there

/s/

/s/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
seat sun C sign sack seal soap seed salt six saw sock sums suit sink seven sauce sieve sea sand soup six sails safe

/s/ Syllable Final Word Final
bus purse mouse nurse gas horse case goose juice house yes rice kiss ice dice S sauce dress

/s/ Syllable Initial Within Word
messy parcel dinosaur casserole blossom pussy pencil taxi rhinoceros croissant lasso icing bassoon insect fossil bison glasses jig-saw basin unicycle bicycle tricycle vaccination synthesizer consultation juicer

/s/ Syllable Final Within Word
basket toaster ice-cream pasta listen cassette Australia restaurant saucepan crossword insect houseboat Christmas tree hospital baseball Easter bunny escalator investigator

/s/ Syllable Final in Verbs (/ps/, /ks/, /ts/)
sits skips cuts talks picks kicks looks eats squirts collects knits jumps toasts drinks floats skates jumps hops makes walks

Lateral /s/

Butterfly Procedure for lateral /s/, /z/, etc.

Aspiration Trick for /s/

/s/ Aspiration Trick
This is for children who "stop" voiceless fricatives, and/or for children who replace voiceless fricatives with voiced ones. Practise ‘s…hip’, ‘shhhip’, etc., gradually reducing the aspiration and eventually turning ‘s…hip’ into ‘sip’.

High frequency /s/ words SIWI and SIWW

High frequency /s/ words SIWI and SIWW
cell cent city said same sat saw say scene seam season second seven six small son sort sound south summer audience case class close face force house less miss office peace place police press price race science six space us voice yes About working with high frequency words

Chaining for /s/

/s/ Chaining - sea-words
Chaining begins with words or syllable contexts the child can produce. This one is for children who can produce /s/ within a word (intervocalically) but not word initially. Start by familiarising the child with the words ‘pussy’, ‘messy’, etc. (or similar words). Then practise saying them. Then say the words with the second syllable slightly exaggerated (pussy, messy). Move on to pussy-sea, messy-sea, etc. until the child can easily say ‘sea’. Then move on to sea-seal, seaseed, sea-seat, sea-seek, and sea-scene. Then change the vowel (sow, sigh, say, saw, etc.) and proceed to CVC words.

/z/

/z/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
zoo zebra zero zip zoom zinnia zither zed zee Zach Zoë zap zone

/z/ Syllable Final Word Final
eyes cheese nose boys hose peas prize rose jazz trees keys stars pies knees shoes cars please

/z/ Word Final in Verbs
blows feeds runs plays dives rides pulls waters builds holds climbs hides listens saves see-saws sings skis drums swings reads cries skate-boards ties hangs vacuums smells draws recycles cart wheels folds tickles slides finds feeds throws gives pretends sells dances guesses mixes sails fishes relaxes balances brushes sneezes dances

sh

sh Syllable Initial Word Initial
sheep shirt sheet show shark shape shell shower shoe ship shawl shot

sh Syllable Final Word Final
fish brush leash bush cash dish mash quiche hash radish nail polish crayfish

Aspiration Trick for sh

sh Aspiration Trick
This is for children who "stop" fricatives, and/or for children who replace voiceless fricatives with voiced ones. Practise ‘sh…heap’, ‘shhheap’, etc., gradually reducing the aspiration and eventually turning ‘sh…heap’ into ‘sheep’.

Facilitative Context for sh

/sj/ SIWI to facilitate 'sh' SIWI
s-u-shoe, s-ute-shoot, s-yell-shell, s-yawn-shorn, s-ewe-shoe, s-yak-shack, s-yacht-shot, s-yam-sham, s-yard-shard, s-yurt-shirt, s-yin-shin, s-yawl-shawl

zh

zh Syllable Initial Within Word and Syllable Final Word Final
luge rouge beige treasure television fusion tape measure Persian carpet azure vision Asia explosion illusion erosion invasion Persian cat confusion decision

/h/

/h/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
hat horse hill heart heap hand hair hen hive hook hoe hoop hose horn house hog hiding hitting humming holding hurrying hopping hugging hanging

/h/ Syllable Initial Word Initial - polysyllables
hippopotamus holiday Halloween Himalayas hairdresser hydrogen handkerchief harmonica horrible headmaster headmistress headquarters hexagon helicopter hilarious hollyhock honeycomb hospital housekeeper horseradish horticulture hydrangea housewarming Humpty Dumpty


Affricates


ch

ch Syllable Initial Word Initial
chin chick choose chip chop chain cheese chair chalk chimp child chest chilli cherry chisel cello children chicken China chimney champion chocolate chopsticks chewing gum

ch Syllable Final Word Final
watch aitch coach beach fetch ouch hatch crutch hutch witch match couch peach torch church porch pouch arch

ch stimulus pictures
choo-choo, etc.

Facilitative contexts for 'ch'

ch facilitative contexts - words, no pictures
hat shop chop; neat ship chip; eight shoes choose / chews; wet shoe chew;  fruit shop chop;  shirt shop chop; wet sheep cheap / cheep; neat sheet cheat; last sheep cheap / cheep; etc.

ch facilitative contexts pictures
neat shirt neat shirt neat shirt; great show great show great show; bright shirt bright shirt bright shirt; quite sharp quite sharp quite sharp; count sheep count sheep count sheep; not shut not shut not shut; got you got you got you; ah-choo! ah-choo! ah-choo! ouch ouch! ouch

ch facilitative contexts 4
hurt shin chin chin chin chin chin; wet sheep cheep cheep cheep cheep cheep; eight shoes choose choose choose choose choose; neat ship chip chipchip chip chip; hat shop chop chop chop chop chop; wet shoes chews chews chews chews chews; fruit shop chop chop chop chop chop; not sure chore chore chore chore chore; eight shoes choose choose; got you chew chew; hurt shin chin chin; wet sheep cheep cheep; neat ship chip chip; hat shop chop chop; wet shoes chews chews; fruit shop chop chop; not sure chore chore

/tj/ SIWI to facilitate 'ch' SIWI
t-u-chew, t-yellow-cello, t-yin-chin,  t-ewes-choose, t-yes-chess, t-York-chalk, t-yolk-choke, t-yuck-chuck, t-year-cheer

Aspiration Trick for ch

ch Aspiration Trick
This is for children who "stop" the voiceless affricate (e.g., "din" for "chin", and/or for children who replace the voiceless affricate  with the voiced one (e.g., "jeep" for "cheep"). Practise ‘ch…heap’, ‘chhheap’, etc., gradually reducing the aspiration and eventually turning ‘ch…heap’ into ‘cheep’.

Working from /tr/ to facilitate ch

ch contrasted with tr (and dg contrasted with dr)
trick chick trees cheese train chain trip chip try chai true chew tress chess trill chill trek cheque
dray J draw jaw drag Jag drive jive drain Jane drake Jake drill Jill drone Joan

dg

dg Syllable Initial Word Initial
jump jewel jam jeep juice jeans jet junk gym jog jug jazz jig gaol (jail) Jag jukebox jelly juggle jetty jacket jaguar jelly beans jig-saw jumper juggler germs jalopy jolly jumbuck jeweller joey judo jade Jack Horner Jack & Jill Jack Sprat Jack be Nimble

dg Syllable Final Word Final
page hedge wedge cage sage badge lodge stage fudge George rage forge

Working from /dr/ to facilitate dg

dg contrasted with dr (and ch contrasted with tr)
trick chick trees cheese train chain trip chip try chai true chew tress chess trill chill trek cheque
dray J draw jaw drag Jag drive jive drain Jane drake Jake drill Jill drone Joan


Sonorants: Nasals, Liquids and Glides


Sonorants are consonants (nasals, liquids and glides) or vowels. They are produced without obstruction of the airstream (cf. Obstruent).


Nasals


/m/

/m/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
mouse milk man mop match mug mat moon mouth mine mail meal monkey money

/m/ Syllable Final Word Final
home lamb jam comb game worm lime gym team gum palm arm dream pram sum drum storm room plum thumb cream crumb

/n/

/n/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
net nut night nap no knife nine knot nail name nose nurse

/n/ Syllable Final Word Final
sun fan rain line hen phone sign can train lion bin pin bean lawn clown swan brown queen chain town spoon bone

Chaining for /n/

/n/ Chaining - knee-words
Chaining begins with words or syllable contexts the child can produce. This one is for children who can produce /n/ within a word (intervocalically) but not word initially. Start by familiarising the child with the words ‘honey’, ‘bunny’, etc. (or similar words). Then practise saying them. Then say the words with the second syllable slightly exaggerated (honey, bunny). Move on to honey-knee, bunny-knee, etc. until the child can easily say ‘knee’. Then move on to knee-need, knee-niece, knee-kneel, knee-neat, and knee-knees. Then change the vowel (no, neigh, gnaw, etc.) and proceed to CVC words (nose, name, nought, etc).

ng

ng Syllable Final Word Final
wing tongue bang ring ting ping-pong king gong fang rung string swing sting lung Bing thing

ng Syllable Final Word Final - 'ing-words'
pulling looking eating guessing feeding sitting playing mixing riding watering blowing feeding building holding dressing balancing listening saving see-sawing skipping cutting drumming singing talking running hiding finding hopping skate-boarding swinging dancing reading crying picking squirting tying brushing collecting vacuuming sneezing drinking hanging marching knitting skating jumping folding tickling fishing climbing relaxing sliding skiing diving kicking finishing smelling drawing floating recycling jumping throwing making giving pretending toasting picnicking dancing cart-wheeling selling sailing walking


Liquids


/l/

/l/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
leaf lamb light lock lawn line lion lace lick let lake 'A llama on a lead.' lunch loaf lamp leeks 'Let me out of here!' label luggage lobster letter lightning lily lemon ladle lettuce lantern lighthouse lizard ladder letters lattice ladybird lavender lipstick locker laundry locust lounge lifeguard lollipop la-la-la la-la-la la-la-la

/l/ Syllable Initial Within Word
balloon pillow aloe ballet bollard follow collar sailor silly Billy pulley Collie willow colour | color silo dollar Wally | Waldo rally teller pilot tiler bowler olives pollen tulip alien swallow police yellow ruler roller Felix pylon gallery million relay chameleon salute Milo pillion waterlily elephant Holland Poland New Zealand Malaysia Philippines Ireland

"Llama Therapy" for /l/

/l/ facilitative contexts - 'llama therapy'
la-la llama llama la-la large large la-la laugh laugh la-la latte latte etc.

/r/

The trrrrrrreasure trick!

In development, /r/ often emerges first in /tr/ clusters. This can be used in therapy to elicit /r/ SIWI.

  1. Practice and strengthen the accuracy of the client's production of /r/ in /tr/ SIWI words such as triangle, trumpet, etc..
    tr-clusters SIWI (1)

    triangle track train tree tractor trash treasure trumpet trick truck trolley tram trip trim treat tray traffic trophy travel tread trailer
  2. tr-clusters SIWI (2)
    trumpet track try train true trust trick tray trim tram tree treat treasure trouble travel trailer truffles Trojan horse
  3. Then use near minimal pairs such as track-rack (see below) to facilitate production of /r/ SIWI.
    /tr/ vs /r/ SIWI

    track rack train rain trash rash tram ram trim rim trip rip tread red tray ray trap wrap true roo
  4. Next, move on to other /r/ SIWI words (see below).

/r/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
roo row ray rye rat rain rock rake rope red rag rig race rack ramp ranch rink rice ring rhyme rash road roots roof rook rink remote robot raven rectangle robin rocket rainbow recipe recorder radish rocker rabbit radiator radio

/r/ Vocalic /r/ 1
first turn learn purse stir bird shirt earth nurse start park sharp farm chart heart guard dark star year weird near cheer beard sphere ear clear fire choir iron tired wore tyre lyre spire hire door bored store fork corn four sore pour north square care spare hair share tear air fair pear

/r/ Vocalic /r/ 2
dollar trailer color ruler shorter taller caterpillar solar bigger smaller stroller reader river runner writer reporter rider roller refrigerator repairer learner cracker explorer mirror warrior barber ladder speaker hairdresser

/r/ Vocalic /r/ 3
grasshopper spider lobster tiger panther hamster gopher deer juicer vacuum cleaner mixer blender food processor cooker toaster coffee maker refrigerator corn cracker pear yogurt butter hamburger watermelon garlic gingerbread person

Facilitative Context for /r/ SIWI

her-ice-rice
her > ice > rice, her > ink > rink, her > eel > reel, her > O’s > rose


Glides


/w/

/w/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
wheel wok weed wick one wing well worm wall wire wool wand wood wave watch wolf wind world water waiter wagon wallet weasel walnut wigwam windmill watermelon window washing machine walrus

/w/ Syllable Initial Within Word
hardware carwash station wagon underwear fireworks highwire homework seaweed stopwatch firewood dishwasher sandwich

/j/

/j/ Syllable Initial Word Initial
yay! U Yowie ute yet yawn ewe yam yak yen yoga yes yogurt yard yo-yo yeti yacht Yoda

/j/ Within Word
Bunyip papaya emu onion kayak W costume lanyard million spaniel bilious pillion confused stallion bunion bayou billiards unusual


"Palindrome Words" - same first and last consonant in CVCs


"Palindrome Words" - same first and last consonant in CVCs
pip pup pop peep pipe Pope bib Bob tot teat toot tote Dad dead kick cock cake cook Coke cork* gag gig Sis sauce shush church* judge George* Mum / Mom mime nun nine noon naan Nan none (*‘Cork’, ‘church’ and ‘George’ are CVCC words (not CVC) in rhotic dialects of English)


Clusters SIWI


kr-clusters SIWI
crust crumpet cry crack crane crew crab crown cradle crock crash crocodile

kl-clusters SIWI
clip clean clamp click clap cloud clock climb claw club class cloak clue clown clam clear clothes clever clips cloth

l-clusters SIWI
fly flute flame flock flea flower bling blossom blade blue blood black play plate clown clock cloud clue glass glow glue glove slug slate slip slide (plus the /sn/ clusters: snake snow snail sneeze -there are more /s/ + nasal clusters here - see Sonority Sequencing Principle)

r-clusters SIWI
fry fruit frame free frock frog bring broom braid brick brush brown pray prize prince princess prick proud crown crock crowd crew crash crab grapes grow drink drop drawer drill

tr-clusters SIWI
trumpet track try train true trust trick tray trim tram tree treat treasure trouble travel trailer truffles Trojan horse

w-clusters SIWI (tw, kw, sw)
twins twenty twirl twinkle tweed twelve queen quiet quilt question choir quick swim sweet sweat swish sweep swat swan switch swing swamp swarm swallow


Clusters SFWF


ft-clusters SFWF
gift lift loft raft left craft

ks-clusters SFWF
ducks locks books bricks sticks lynx ox axe box fox flex relax

kt-clusters SFWF
act duct fact insect architect direct

lt-clusters SFWF
belt bolt kilt salt quilt stilt adult vault result catapult difficult somersault

mp-clusters SFWF
amp imp camp hump lump pump jump stamp champ clamp chimp swamp lamp shrimp blimp bump ramp stump

nch-clusters SFWF
branch bench conch launch inch ranch lunch wrench punch finch stench winch munch clench pinch hunch flinch Ouch, ouch, ouch, ouch! A bunch of flowers. A bunch of grapes. A bunch of bananas. A bunch of carrots. A bunch of asparagus. A bunch of radishes. A bunch of balloons. A bunch of keys.

nd-clusters SFWF
and end band wand hand pond land frond sand rind blonde blind ground hound diamond island husband ampersand

nk-clusters SFWF
ink junk pink bank link bunk rink punk monk sink wink plank mink drink honk dunk blank

nt-clusters SFWF
ant mint tent pint giant dent

sk-clusters SFWF
desk disk cask mask kiosk whisk obelisk asterisk

st-clusters SFWF
best dust cast bust fist chest feast guest first frost crust artist forest chemist nest mast mist post

ts-clusters SFWF
nuts roots pants shorts tights boats cats lights coats hats ants boots


Complex Clusters: Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP)

/sm/ /sn/ /fl/ /fr/ 'thr' /sl/ /bl/ /br/ /dr/ /gr/ /sw/

Click here for pictures for complex clusters with low sonority difference scores of 2, 3 or 4


Adjuncts

/sp/ /st/ /sk/

Click here for pictures for the adjuncts /sp/, /st/ and /sk/


Terminology used in the worksheets


SIWI, SFWF, SIWW, SFWW

In the branch of Clinical Linguistics called clinical phonology, the abbreviations SIWI, SFWF, SIWW and SFWW are used to describe where sounds occur in spoken words.

SIWI is "syllable initial word initial".
In the word "ball", /b/ is SIWI.

SFWF is "syllable final word final".
In the word "rub" /b/ is SFWF.

SIWW is "syllable initial within word".
In the word "about" /b/ is SIWW. 

SFWW is "syllable final within word".
In the word "tablet" /b/ is SFWW.

The terms are used to denote how the words are pronounced by an individual, not the way you spell them, or the way they "should" be pronounced. So, for example, when you break a word like "innocent" into syllables with regard to how you might spell it you get inn-o-cent. But when most speakers of English SAY the word it becomes (roughly!) ih-nu-sent so that the /n/ is SIWW (not SFWW as it would be if you said in-uh-sent). 

Many speech-language pathologists / speech and language therapists use these abbreviations when they look at "phonotactics" (the patterns of vowels and consonants, or syllable shapes a child can produce) in detail, as part of a phonological analysis. The information is useful in choosing therapy targets and devising word lists for production practice and auditory bombardment (focused auditory input) when appropriate.

There is more terminology in the site glossary.


Vowels


There are vowel minimal pairs here near the top of the page

e as in bed
bed pen egg red net bell ten belt bread s beg hen jet yes vet shell letter fence celery kettle energy special

ee as in sea 1
sea knee key bee tee pea g d she he me ghee tea e brie tree flea three ski spree free

ee as in sea 2
sea key bee tee g knee tea she he

eer as in beer
beer spear gear deer ear tear weird spears shears beard

air as in chair
chair bear mare hair pair square spare air chairs flares bears squares stairs spares

bough cow
sow bow owl fowl pow cow towel cowl bough ow! ouch! house mouse crowd town gown down loud mouth proud cloud couch brown pouch flower tower crown clown shower shout count

ough as in dough
dough no bow o row sew show low go hoe toe grow slow flow snow blow

oa as in goat
goat throne boat foam road dome nose float toad loaf hose slope snow-dome (snow-globe)

oa as in go - go-goat CVs and CVCs
go goat bow boat dough dome hoe hose throw throne row road no nose toe toad

ir as in shirt
shirt purse bird work girl nurse pearl worm fern church

oy as in soy
soy toy boy koi poi joy buoy oy noise boys enjoy annoy oyster oink oil coin hoist join

schwa word finally 1: Non-rhotic varieties of English: word final schwa #1
grasshopper caterpillar woodpecker spider tiger panther koala gopher beaver otter alligator lobster llama boxer banana guava pizza hamburger cola tortilla pepper cucumber America Georgia Iowa California Minnesota Louisiana Alabama Arizona Montana Florida Indiana Alaska Oklahoma Virginia South Dakota Nebraska South Carolina West Virginia North Carolina Pennsylvania North Dakota North America South America Africa Australia Asia Canada soccer player pitcher basketballer catcher skier swimmer diver bowler server fencer archer weight lifter

schwa word finally 2: Non-rhotic varieties of English: word final schwa #2 (occupations)
painter dancer tailor builder singer doctor cleaner presenter bull fighter exterminator waiter construction worker teacher photographer sister dog trainer dressmaker interviewer driver shopper director barber welder window cleaner bricklayer roofer carpenter carpet layer concreter glazier

There are vowel minimal pairs here near the top of the page

Aviator oyna cox olk?l?rd? h?r gun daha cox populyarlasan maraql? pul oyunudur. Sad?liyi v? yuks?k qazanma nisb?ti il? cox qumarbaz?n ur?yini qazand?.